An archaeometallurgical investigation of iron smithing in Swahili contexts and its wider implications
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract This paper presents the most extensive archaeometallurgical study of iron-smithing debris excavated in East Africa. It an integrated methodology, including morphological, chemical, petrographic, and contextual analysis iron slag from secondary ironworking contexts. Iron three Swahili sites was analysed—Unguja Ukuu located on southwestern coast Zanzibar, Tumbe Chwaka situated north-east Pemba Island. The results suggest that Unguja smithing is associated with oxidising hearth atmospheres high amounts CaO, while indicates reducing silica:alumina ratios, potentially pointing to use a flux. Distinct technical traditions can be seen at when compared Chwaka, suggesting regional rather than chronological pattern. Temporal continuity evident throughout occupation between different periods north-western Pemba. spatial distribution these suggests taking place across extent Ukuu, scatters were more localised disassociated domestic contexts Chwaka. wealth information technological organisational aspects obtained during this methodology yield valuable data for variety sites, irrespective excavation strategies.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['1866-9565', '1866-9557']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01768-7